It’s enough known that, as years go by, with the accumulations of experiences, everybody decides that a process or a material, for their intrinsic features, are preferable to others, and this is part of the normal evolution of things. Sometimes, however, also in violin making, is not the reality of facts that change the choice from a wood to another or from a making technique to another, but the economic interest behind. It’s easy to demonstrate that the red Italian male spruce of Val di Fiemme is the best wood in sonority to make musical instruments, even if, in the past, were used the white Italian spruce of Apennine and many other kinds of European or Canadian red spruce. Much more difficult is, instead, to explain why many woods used in violin making during the classic period, are disappeared in the building of the case. All the great violin makers of the past have done instruments of the big strings family, using also pear wood, cherry wood, italic maple wood, black poplar and willow wood. But if we have examples in which there are instruments made with walnut or lemon wood of Lago di Garda, why, today, is expressly required the exclusive use of pseudoplatanus maple in the construction of violins, violas, and the use of poplar and willow wood for cellos and contrabass is hardly tolerated? In the research of the causes of this situation we must say, however, that the maple is available in large quantity, and has a beautiful flame, few knots, excellent sound result and thank to the rotation of cut of woods, is always available in every size on the market. We must say, however, that the intensive use of the same wood have caused the own standardization with a consequent flattening of the violin making production, that inevitably propose instruments, even if not equal, very similar to each other. Classic production, instead, had, as its strong point, the differentiation of the product, both in shapes and in materials, and this, today, leads to the discovery of some woods to give life again to the production of musical instruments, and bring again the violin making to a conception of artistic handicraft. We can start with the discover of a beautiful and absolutely Italian wood: italic maple (fig 2c).First of all it’s necessary to say that there are three or four species and subspecies of italic maple in Italy, very fertile between them, that produce an infinity variety of trees, whose differences are often found only with a careful microscopic recognition. However the two dominant species are Italic maple and opalus maple, commonly called loppo, oppio, chioppo or testuccio, and they’re spontaneous in all the country both in plain and in hill, while in mountain they’re replaced by maple (pseudoplatanus fig. n°2a) or riccio maple (platanoides fig. n°2b). The differences between them are principally in the indexing of the maple fruits wings and in the shapes of leaves, the differences in bark or foliage colours are not important, because the changes can be determined by geographic position or different exposure. Wood features are, instead, very similar. All the italic maple forms have got slightly heavier wood and finer grain than maple. The colour is darker (hazel brown) also before seasoning and the difference between duramen and alburnum is appreciable. The plant is usually strong and seldom infected and resist well at drastic or off season prunings. Its growth is very slow, and its capacity to tolerate the “capitozzatura” have permitted that it were used as vine guardian since origin. This system of cultivation have ordained the luck and the ill luck of this wood, in fact on the one hand it was useful for mankind, on the other hand it was “capitozzata” too much, so the making of stagnation in the separation of branches have deleted their use in violin making, because the useful part of trunk is compromised by putrefactions and infiltrations. Another italic maple’s features are the shrub (in the early years) and the vitality, that lead the plant to emit buds and branches, also on the trunk. The wood became full of knots, and it is not often used, even if its size (after growing up) is smaller than pseudoplatanus or platanoides. In italic maple there’s often the flame, that, in some specimens, is partially caused by pressure of lateral branches, in others follows the course of trunk, only in few cases it is beautiful everywhere. We usually think that the italic maple’s flame is easily recognizable from maple’s one, because it’s more narrow and not regular, but this is true only in part, ‘cause often, for its features, the italic maple is used in a different way (fig.n°1). The smaller sizes and the knots lead anyone to choose slab cut instead of radial cut and the back in two pieces, but in particular conditions and in big plants, the flame is often similar to nobler kinds. All those aspects that can appear as limitations, lead in reality to the issue that every instrument made with italic maple is unique, both in look and in resonant features, so the musician must have particular personality and sensitiveness, in conclusion a differentiation instead of an adaptation to standard forms. Maple wood is versatile and for its preservation after cutting and reducing in boards with particular thickness, it’s necessary to isolate good pieces, deleting all knots with a saw, because near them can happen breakages during seasoning. It’s necessary to wax to avoid particular breakages called “chicken’s claws”. Even if the preparation is very laborious, if it is done well, permit to use the wood also two years later after cutting without problems during working. Now we describe black poplar (populus nigra fig.2d). I want to remind, to anyone who thinks that poplar is good only for matches, the beautiful Mahler viola made by Antonio Stradivari in 1672. Its back in two pieces is made in poplar with few flame. So, if the greatest violin maker has done this, why everyone persist to denigrate italian black poplar? Original black poplar is a tree that prefer humid and drained soil and grows up rapidly and spontaneous in all the Mediterranean basin, with many similar species and subspecies (white poplar, grey poplar, tremulo poplar). To those original species we must add lots of hybrid poplars that came from America (they’re good for matches!) and fill up basins of italian rivers for industrial aims. There are two kind of black poplar in Italy, the traditional and the erect one (called cipressino poplar). My experience stop to the first kind, while I’ve never used the second. Poplar wood is lighter than maple one, it is soft and easy to work. Even if its colour is clear, it present often darker streakings (fig.n°1). The flames is frequent but the quantity of fibre’s curling is variable: sometimes it’s absent, sometimes it covers all the trunk so deeply to worry wood’s elasticity at the end of working. I cannot say anything about normally sold poplar for violin making, because the trees I’ve pulled down and worked have a different grain, flame and specific weight. Italian black poplar reaches big sizes and this permit to realize backs for contrabasses in only one piece, but we must pay attention because during seasoning can be open profound splits on boards. I think that backs and ribs made by poplar can give a beautiful look, vivacious and powerful sound to instruments, also in violins and violas; but I think (as Stradivari), that a back made with too flamed poplar, even if it gives good impression, can also bore, so it is better a moderate flame or positioned in less evident way. Italian willow (salix alba) unlike other mentioned woods is never fall into disuse, but its use is only limited for linings and blocks like in classic violin making. In the past, instead, that violin making gave much importance to this wood and all the Great violin maker have used willow for contrabass and cello’s backs. Also today the instruments belonging to famous collections have got ribs and backs made with this wood. Unfortunately Italian willow (salix alba fig.n°2e) tend to hybridize itself with all the other willow’s species like salix viminalis, fragilis, red (few people don’t know it is a shrub), but also with poplar. This adaptability lead to find indefinable specimen on territory that also surprise botany studious. To explain we must say that the wood today defined red willow used for linings and blocks for its beautiful pastel red colour is, in reality, white pure willow (not hybrid), which duramen tend to have, at the end of seasoning, the tonality described before. The specimens that have clearer or white wood are hybrid. Usually the willow doesn’t have a flamed comparable to other wood I’ve speak about before and maybe this is the reason of its falling into disuse for the making of instrument’s backs. Only rarely there are a flame, but never in all the trunk and so, during embankment cleaning of rivers, entire willow’s trunks are often left to go bad because not commercially used not even as firewood, even if the tree reach big sizes quickly and its light and easily workable wood is good for violin making. There is a particular kind of willow called “barbuto willow”, that has got often a beautiful flame. This plant defined barbuto for the presence of long male flowers (amenti) that seems to be a beard, is remind in Tuscany also with the name of “gattone”, because its amenti seem to be a cat tail. I don’t know anything more about sizes and finding. The last wood whose disappearance is caused by the impossibility to find commercially utilizable sizes is the pear (Pyrus communis fig.n°2f). This tree, used in the past also to make contrabass, is not findable anymore in Italy today. I say this because eventual pieces of that wood, that we can find today came from abroad (usually East Europe) the wood of this tree is one of the most beautiful both for mechanic features, and for the look and the colour. This wood is tough and heavy, but with good elasticity, its colour tend to became dark with years, but at the beginning it is rosy and its painting is simplified by the intrinsic beauty (fig.n°1). it is often flamed with a typical flame. Its fortune, ended with the availability, have reached important top, especially in the Brescia’s school, for the making of contrabasses. Today it remains a memory, because there’s not usable plants of this wood anymore in our country. Apple wood has got similar features, but belonging to the same family of pear, is often not recognizable well. I finish here my dissertation about ancient woods remembering that those last cases (pear wood, apple wood, but also cherry wood), can reserve surprises in working and aspect for the grafts made in the past by farmers on wild shrubs (we mustn’t forget that the plants were and are nowadays productive). Wild woods used for grafts, are not always used in violin making. Those few words are not to discredit the quality of woods used today or to advertise other ones, our aim and hope is to see use again (everywhere it is possible) those ancient woods, without prejudices, because they’re part of our real tradition, and with their exploitation they enrich all violin making in Italy.
Text and photos: Fabio Chiari
Graphic elaboration: Andrea Corsani |